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Article / Apr 30, 2025

Optimising early-stage drug development with continuous processing

Manufacturing Chemist, 30 April 2025

Pharmaceutical innovators face many challenges when developing new products; as such, getting them to market in a timely, safe and cost-effective way is critical. The use of continuous manufacturing technologies can help to overcome some of the most pressing early-stage obstacles

Improving production methods for generic drugs or extending the lifecycle of existing oral solid dosage (OSD) forms is an integral part of the day-to-day operations of many global pharmaceutical companies. At the same time, when formulating new molecular entities, issues such as reducing the cost-per-tablet, increasing patient safety and optimising the price/performance balance of a new drug are common daily concerns. During the early stages of research and development (R&D), however, the availability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is limited. As such, there is an absolute requirement for process equipment that can produce just a few hundred grams of finished product to fast-track novel formulations. 

The changing perspectives of regulatory bodies such as the US FDA and EMA now mean that there’s a better way to improve both supply chain efficiency and product throughput. It’s the 21st century, the pharmaceutical industry is less risk-averse these days, and it’s well-known that continuous manufacturing (CM) solutions can accelerate product development, reduce costs, improve operational economics and make production more agile.

CM can accelerate the development of innovative products and increase the quality assurance of existing ones by driving process excellence. It’s a more efficient and flexible technology, offering more consistent and reliable tablet production with the reduced use (and loss) of resources such as precious APIs and raw materials. Additional benefits include less downtime and minimal manual intervention.

 

Introducing ConsiGma®

The ConsiGma® portfolio from GEA Pharma & Healthcare is a multipurpose platform that has been designed to transfer powder into coated tablets in development, pilot, clinical and production volumes in a single compact unit. The system can perform the dosing and mixing of raw materials, wet or dry granulation, drying, tableting and quality control, all in one line. And, as it can produce granules continuously, there is no waste during start-up and shutdown and the batch size is determined simply by how long you run the machine. Quality is measured throughout the process and, as such, drastically reduces the cost-per-tablet. The ConsiGma® concept combines Quality by Design (QbD) principles with Design of Experiments (DoE) to explore and optimise a wide range of process parameters with less product in a shorter time frame. 

Dr James (Jim) Holman, Senior Director of Technology Management, Pharma Solids, at GEA, takes up the story: “Our stance with CM is consistent in terms of how we approach both commercial-scale and early development work. We’ve created a range of unit operations or submodules, for example, that are ideal for process or product optimisation studies. For wet granulation, for instance, we have the ConsiGma®-1. You can use the same granulator that you would for a larger-scale machine but simply connect it to a single cell of a six-cell fluid bed system.” He adds: “Our approach to R&D is that we try to scale-out rather than scale-up. Our equipment is specifically designed so that you can process a plug or product key in a very controlled way to limit material usage.” 

Jim can cite a litany of Big Pharma organisations that have “developed molecules on our systems in R&D, subsequently transferred them to production and have now had them approved for sale and use.” He acknowledges that, compared with a traditional production-scale system, there are advantages and disadvantages to consider. But he emphasises: “To support our thinking and what we’ve done, there are a lot of commercial products on the market that were made using GEA CM systems.”

 

The ConsiGma®-1: an integrated R&D solution

Developed as a mobile, plug-and-play laboratory-scale version of the GEA’s continuous tableting platform, the ConsiGma®-1 can convert powders into dry granules and is ideal for small-scale research and development applications. It’s specifically designed for maximum flexibility and simplicity in early formulation development work. And, because of its rapid processing times and ability to run batches of a few hundred grams up to 5 kg or more, it’s ideal for developing formula and process parameters using DoE — which can then be scaled-out to the full-size ConsiGma® wet granulation system. “With ConsiGma®, we can help companies all over the world to maximise their R&D efforts and capitalise on the very worthwhile expenditure by getting first-rate products to market quicker,” notes Jim.

When equipped with the optional fluid bed dryer segment, drying parameters for batch sizes of 500–1500 g can be determined on the ConsiGma®-1. And, because these granulation details can be directly scaled-out to a production model (such as the ConsiGma®-25), which benefits from the same design, there is no scale-up. 

Furthermore, as the retention time of the product in the system is minimal, any change in these parameters is almost immediately visible. This allows for very fast and easy exploration of the design space. The result is a better understanding of both operational capabilities and critical process parameters (CPPs), which ultimately contribute to higher levels of quality assurance and patient safety. 

The ConsiGma®-1 is designed for rapid deployment, will fit into the most compact of laboratories and can be transported easily to wherever it’s needed. Installation only requires electricity and standard utilities such as water and compressed air. The system is conceived to be a “plug-and-play” installation. To enhance the R&D flexibility even further, the ConsiGma®-1 can also be configured for hot melt granulation and/or upgraded for contained processing.

To cite an example, a ConsiGma®-1 unit was recently used to expedite the development process for a new product during in-house trials. Everything was running smoothly during scale-out to a commercial-size line, until one of the raw material sources had to be changed. Anticipating granulation issues due to the changed specifications of the raw material, and with a pending deadline — and not wishing to revert to the ConsiGma®-1 for redevelopment (or to clean another piece of equipment) — it was decided to tackle the issue using the production-scale CM line. Owing to the inherent flexibility of continuous processing and the transferable compatibility of the critical parameters, the correct settings were found in just a few hours using only a limited amount of product. Full production mode could be quickly reinstated with minimal disruption.

The ConsiGma® DC for continuous direct compression is the most recent expansion of GEA's portfolio of cost-effective, compact and high-yield manufacturing systems. By integrating four key technologies — accurate loss-in-weight feeding, continuous blending, tablet compression technology and the online measurement of CQAs (Critical Quality Attributes), it offers a robust and flexible production method for a wide range of products in a small footprint. Of note here is that standalone plant is often used to separately test and optimise the critical unit operations before the entire line is constructed, thereby accelerating the process. This means that each manufacturing step can be enhanced without first having to run or invest in a complete process chain. One company that has benefited from this approach is Hovione, a specialist contract development and manufacturing organisation.

Using a combination of standalone laboratory scale units coupled with process analytical technology (PAT) tools, computational models and powder characterisation equipment, Hovione is developing processes at the R&D scale with minimal material consumption and resources. The standalone dosing and blending unit is equipped with feeders and blenders that are identical to those used in GEA’s GMP Continuous Direct Compression (CDC) lines. Powder characterisation and the use of compaction simulations “close the circle” in terms of connecting the unit operations and allow operators to fully define the process parameters that are used in a digital twin version of the line. João Henriques, R&D Director – Oral Drug Product Development comments: “This integrated platform accelerates process development, helps to optimise formulation and product parameters and improves operational performance. It also enables the seamless scale-out of continuous tableting processes to a GMP line with reduced risk and low API consumption. This methodology has been used to successfully develop and scale-out multiple processes to CDC lines.”

 

Coating covered

Not only does GEA have what Jim calls “grouped unit operations” for applications such as wet granulation —wherein a twin-screw granulator is combined with a single cell fluid bed — standalone systems such as dosing and blending rigs, an independent feeder and/or continuous coaters are also available. In addition, plant for direct compression can also be supplied. The ConsiGma® DC-LB Lines integrate continuous dry blending using linear blenders and tablet compression into one efficient continuous production system. Being able to accommodate differently sized blenders makes it a fully configurable setup.

From an operational perspective, adds Jim, the advantage of the GEA Coater during R&D is that you don’t have to run a full-scale trial with all the associated losses of startup, shutdown, etc. All you need is a 1.5 kg plug and then, to scale-out your production, you just repeat the process. It's the same with wet granulation. Doing so gives you the certainty that you can basically repeat the same operation — or just run it for longer — to achieve commercial levels of production.

Jim suggests that a well-known top-tier pharmaceutical company has recently invested in two ConsiGma®-1 units and coaters and is in the process of replacing their existing batch coating equipment with GEA machinery. “It’s now their default choice of coating technology for R&D,” he says. “With the three sizes of coating pans we offer, you have the option of using 1.5, 3.0 or 6.0 kg samples simply scaling that out.”

 

In conclusion

Shining the spotlight on wet granulation as an example application, many of the most well-known names in the pharmaceutical sector have products on the market that were initially tested on a ConsiGma®-1 unit, subsequently transferred to a larger development and launch rig (DLR) and were then put into commercial production.

Reaping the benefits of grouped unit operations during R&D enables GEA customers to expedite product development, eliminate scale-up and rapidly transfer the manufacturing process to an integrated line. Plus, by producing tablets continuously, “batch sizes” are simply determined by how long you run the machine. 

It’s also helping the pharmaceutical industry to produce higher quality products, enhance drug safety, reduce its industrial footprint and decrease waste, which provides significant advantages to governments, companies and patients alike. Continuous processing is the future of pharmaceutical manufacturing. As Jim will attest, the majority of the top ten pharmaceutical companies have now confirmed that their strategy is to develop both new chemical entities (NCEs) and, when economically and technically viable, also manufacture legacy ethical and generic products using continuous technologies.

 

Read the full article on ManufacturingChemist.com

 

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The podcast "The Next Discovery" is a six-episode series created by Observador, a leading Portuguese digital newspaper and radio station, in partnership with Hovione. From hard-to-produce antibiotics to innovative therapies, Hovione uses complex and sustainable chemistry to bring safe medicines to patients around the world. What if some of the scientific discoveries that could improve the lives of millions of people were happening right now in Portugal? “The Next Discovery.” Listen to the second episode of the podcast here, featuring Rui Loureiro, scientist at Hovione. [English transcription] From hard-to-produce antibiotics to innovative therapies, Hovione uses complex and sustainable chemistry to bring safe medicines to patients around the world. What if some of the scientific discoveries that could improve the lives of millions of people were happening right now in Portugal? “The Next Discovery.” Nelson Ferreira (NF): Welcome to the podcast “The Next Discovery.” This is a partnership between Rádio Observador and Hovione—a six-episode series where we open the doors of a Portuguese-founded multinational pharmaceutical company to share real stories of science, innovation, and global impact. I am Nelson Ferreira, and in the first episode we explored the story of the basement where it all began more than 65 years ago. Today, we will understand what happens inside this company. We will talk about complex chemistry, because that is where the journey of many medicines that pass through Hovione begins. We will discover how laboratory science becomes industrial processes, how sustainability is part of this transformation, and how all of this contributes to producing medicines that truly help improve and save lives. To guide us on this journey, I am joined today by Rui Loureiro, a scientist at Hovione’s Research and Development Center. Hello, Rui. Welcome to Rádio Observador. NF: Rui, most people may never have heard of Hovione, but they may be taking a medicine where Hovione played an important role. Where exactly do you fit into this long journey that takes a medicine to the patient? Rui Loureiro (RL): Hello, Nelson, good morning—and thank you for the question. The path for a medicine to reach a patient is long. It starts with producing a very small amount of a drug, which through development eventually needs to be produced in kilograms. Let me give an example. Imagine baking cookies. When you buy cookies at the supermarket, someone first made the initial batch at home—but then they needed a partner to scale those cookies to an industrial level. NF: A factory, exactly. RL: Exactly. That is where Hovione comes in. We are that partner for the pharmaceutical industry—helping turn one cookie into many cookies that eventually reach patients. NF: For those listening who are not familiar with this field, people often talk about APIs in the pharmaceutical industry. I had to look it up myself. What is it, and why has Hovione focused so much on it since early on? RL: API can mean different things depending on the field—for example, in IT it means something entirely different. In the pharmaceutical industry, API stands for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. In Portuguese, princípio ativo—the component that treats or cures the disease. Using the cookie analogy again: a chocolate cookie has many ingredients—but the chocolate is what defines it. The API is exactly that in a medicine: a small but essential part that delivers the therapeutic effect. Even though tablets contain multiple substances, producing something like a 10 mg tablet of the active ingredient alone is difficult—so other components are added to create the final form. NF: Over many years, Hovione also specialized in complex generics. How did that experience help you move into working with companies developing entirely new medicines? RL: That was a very important step. Developing complex generics means the chemistry required is challenging—it may involve very low temperatures or tightly controlled conditions to ensure we produce the desired result and not something unwanted. Those early capabilities—developing antibiotics and other materials—led the market to recognize Hovione’s expertise. Ultimately, chemistry involves combining building blocks. If someone proves they can assemble the most complex ones, the industry will take notice. That is how we became recognized as a trusted partner for complex pharmaceuticals. NF: I am curious about this idea of “complex chemistry.” You often compare chemistry to cooking—what distinguishes traditional chemistry from the complex chemistry you do at Hovione? RL: Let me simplify for clarity. Complex chemistry depends on the reagents and solvents used. The starting materials may be difficult to transform and may require very specific conditions. The resulting product may also be unstable and require careful handling. Using cooking as an analogy: simple chemistry is like making jelly—you mix powder with hot water and let it set. Complex chemistry is more like making ice cream—it involves a more intricate process, and many people prefer to leave it to specialists. NF: Another fascinating challenge: in the lab, you work at milligram or gram scale, but factories must produce tons. How do you scale from a teaspoon to a truckload without ruining the recipe? RL: That is indeed our biggest daily challenge. Scaling up requires understanding every variable in the process. Going from a small kitchen setup to industrial production is not just about bigger equipment—it requires entirely different systems and expertise. We work with multidisciplinary teams—chemists, engineers, analytical specialists—to control every variable that affects product quality. In a typical GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) process, there are 4–5 main steps. And across those steps, we may need to control around 350 variables to ensure the final product meets quality standards for patients. NF: When people think of chemistry, they often think of something negative. But Hovione has been developing more sustainable approaches. What does sustainable chemistry mean in practice? RL: Sustainability is a daily priority. We design processes with sustainability in mind from the very beginning. We follow green chemistry principles—avoiding harmful reagents whenever possible. And when that is not possible, we apply the “four Rs”: reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover. For example, just as the paint industry moved from solvent-based to water-based systems, we are also moving toward chemistry in water. This reduces the carbon footprint of our processes. We are also exploring micellar chemistry, flow chemistry, and even reactions without solvents at all—similar to grinding ingredients together with a mortar and pestle. These approaches help reduce waste and improve efficiency. NF: Looking to the future—will chemistry remain our best tool to save lives, and in a more sustainable way? RL: Absolutely. That is what motivates me every day. Artificial intelligence is already helping identify targets and design molecules—but those molecules still need to be produced. That is where chemistry remains essential. It is the foundation for creating and improving medicines. Innovation and sustainability will go hand in hand—and that is the path we are committed to. NF: Rui Loureiro, thank you for helping simplify chemistry and for showing this more sustainable side of science. This was the second episode of “The Next Discovery.” In the coming weeks, we will continue exploring this world. In the next episode, we will look at the future of particle engineering.   You can listen to the next episodes on observador.pt and on your usual podcast platform. See you at the next discovery.      

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The podcast "The Next Discovery" is a six-episode series created by Observador, a leading Portuguese digital newspaper and radio station, in partnership with Hovione. And what if some of the scientific discoveries that can improve the lives of millions of people were happening right now in Portugal? The Next Discovery. Listen to the first episode of the podcast here, featuring Diane Villax, co-founder of Hovione. [English transcription] Welcome to The Next Discovery. This is a series of conversations, created in partnership between Observador Lab and Hovione, an international pharmaceutical company of Portuguese origin, that will open the doors to its world and share real stories of science, innovation and global impact. Over six episodes, we will meet the people behind technologies that help develop and manufacture innovative medicines for the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies that improve the lives of more than 80 million patients every year. I am Nelson Ferreira and, in this first episode, we will discover how an unlikely story, which began in a basement in Lisbon, became a story of global leadership. To talk about this legacy, I have the honour of welcoming Diane Villax, co-founder and non-executive board member of Hovione, who at the age of 91 remains a living witness to this journey. Nelson Ferreira (NF): Welcome, Mrs Diane Villax. Let us begin our conversation in 1959. Hovione was born in an unlikely way, in a basement in Lisbon, founded by your husband, Ivan Villax, by you and by two other partners. How did you manage family life and, at the same time, the birth of a pharmaceutical company, all in the same space? I imagine that created some interesting logistical challenges. Diane Villax (DV): From the beginning, we decided that we would manufacture raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, that is, the active ingredients of medicines. We had no money, so it had to start from our home, which was in a residential neighborhood in Lisbon. Right from the start, we divided the tasks. My husband, a brilliant Hungarian chemical engineer, would be the inventor, the producer and the salesman, while I would take care of all the administrative side: imports, exports, accounting and banks. I kept those responsibilities for at least 30 years. At the same time, we also thought about the values that would guide us over this long period: transparency, innovation, the pursuit of excellence and great consideration for everyone who would come to work with us over the years. NF: Very early on, your husband made it clear that Hovione would not compete on low price, but rather on quality and on solving complex problems. What was it like to apply this principle of rigour when resources were still scarce? Especially because, from day one, it always seems to me that your objective was global. The world would be your market. DV: From the beginning, we felt that Portugal, with a population of 10 million people, would not be a very significant market, and that the world would be ours. Perhaps we were a little naïve, because we were entering a global market that was already quite sophisticated. But the decision was made and we moved forward. We moved forward and were fortunate that Japan discovered us quite quickly. They came knocking on our door, because of course we did not have the means to knock on theirs. At that time, they did not manufacture; they only formulated, so they needed to buy raw materials. My husband had invention patents for independent processes and there were long discussions. They felt that our technology was good, our IP was very robust and our quality was excellent. This led to a cooperation that lasted 10 or 15 years and was very profitable for both sides, I believe. NF: In the 1980s and 1990s, Hovione took a more significant leap forward. What were the decisions, the technological bets or even the moments of greatest courage that allowed this small Portuguese company to become a leading multinational? DV: In 1982, after a successful inspection by the FDA, the regulatory authority in the United States of America, we entered the American market with our generic doxycycline antibiotic. The inventor’s patent had already expired and we had an independent manufacturing process. It was a huge, demanding and competitive market, but one that respects good service and quality. And it was indeed a major leap, because the market was so large that we had no real sense of what it would mean, and demand was much greater than what we were able to produce. I remember, it must have been the summer of 1983, many people probably had to postpone their holidays to the autumn or winter, because missing delivery deadlines was not an option. Later, in the 1990s, we entered a new business area: services. We realized that large American pharmaceutical companies, as well as small biotechs, were increasingly inclined to outsource the development work for new molecules. This is a very long period, which can take four, six or even 10 years — the development process for new molecules before they are approved by regulators and become commercial products. So we began to offer this development service, and it went very well. From there, we developed new technologies, such as spray drying, for poorly soluble molecules, because this could greatly increase their bioavailability. Today, this services area is our largest business segment. NF: Hovione today works with 19 of the world’s 20 largest pharmaceutical companies. How do you maintain the agile, pioneering spirit that was born in that basement, when today the company has 2,600 employees, more than 300 scientists, and has even become the largest private employer of PhDs in Portugal? DV: Agility has to be maintained. For example, during the pandemic, we suddenly received large, unexpected orders to manufacture a component of Remdesivir, which was the product authorized to help Covid patients. So agility has to be maintained, and we always maintain our quality. Today, with more than 60 years of history, clients come to us because they know they can count on our quality and on our responsibility to produce and deliver on time what they order. NF: There is another impressive figure here. Your products reach 80 million people every year and Hovione participates in up to 10% of the new medicines approved annually by the FDA in the United States. When you look at this impact, do you feel that the dream of 1959 has been fully achieved? DV: I think it has been far exceeded. When we founded Hovione, my husband, who was a scientist, simply wanted to have his own laboratory. But he never imagined that we would develop in such a way that, today, we are sought out by major international pharmaceutical companies, which frequently come to us. NF: This is a series about science, but it is also about people. And the rigour, ethics and long-term vision that Diane always brought to management are still present at Hovione. What message would you leave to the scientists who join Hovione today with the mission of finding the next discovery? From what I understand, Diane makes a point of welcoming them whenever they join the company. DV: Yes. Four times a year, twice in English and twice in Portuguese, I speak to the newcomers at Hovione, giving them a very brief account of our journey, our values, our objectives, our dreams, the challenges we faced and how we overcame them to get to where we are today. And I always recommend that anyone who joins this company must work with passion. They must work with passion and always remember that our work is to produce medicines for those who need them. We have the privilege of serving patients. We are a company that works for society. I think “In it for life”, which is our motto, has a lot to do with us, because we have been here for 67 years as a family company, and that is how we intend to continue for many good years to come. Above all, in the healthcare sector, there is a great advantage, because we can look at the long term. We do not have to think about stock market results every quarter, as public companies do. And, on the other hand, we are here precisely to give life to those who need it. “In it for life.” NF: At the age of 91, how does Diane herself maintain this passion and continue to make long-term plans? DV: Because I was a founder of this company. I see it progressing and developing successfully, so it is a joy for me. And I have a large family coming after me. 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